Essay about Narrative Styles In Poe, Melville, Hawthorne

narrative styles in Melville’s Bartleby, Poe’s Arthur Gordon Pym, and Hawthorne’s The House of Seven Gables. How all three authors utilize a â€Å"conversational† tone for the function of their work. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In works by three of the most classically American authors of the nineteenth century, Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne, a trait that can be considered common to all three authors is pronounced clearly as a means to their narration. This trait is that of deploying a narrative laden with- and moreover led by –conversational phrasing and asides. The flow of passages in these authors’ works, Bartleby, Arthur Gordon Pym, and The House of Seven Gables, takes on a spoken structure, and numerous operations are made by each†¦show more content†¦This feature is then emphasized when the narrator, having finished his resume of Nippers and Turkey, begins his next passage as though backtracking through his speech (pg. 10): â€Å"I should have stated before that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In The House of Seven Gables Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes the conversational approach perhaps the most overtly of any of the three authors, at times situating the narration in the first person plural, which thereby has the effect of drawing an assumed commonality between the reader and the party of the narrator. Indeed his use of ‘we’ is scattered through the entire book, as in the passage (pg. 139): â€Å"We must not stain our page with any contemporary scandal, to a similar purport, that may have been whispered against the judge,† and the in this passage further on (pg. 139.): But it is too fruitful a subject, this of hereditary resemblances, -the frequent recurrence of which, in a direct line, is truly unaccountable, when we consider how large an accumulation of ancestry lies behind every man, at the distance of one or two centuries. We shall only add, therefore, that the Puritan- so, at least, says chimney-corner tradition, which so often preserves traits of character with marvelous fidelity –was bold, imperious, relentless, crafty†¦ †¦Whether the judge in any degree resembled him, the further progress of our narrative may show. Not only does Hawthorne’s use of we nominate an intimacy between the literary space betweenShow MoreRelated The American Renaissance Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Revolution. The American Renaissance literary style was coined as Romanticism, an international philosophical movement that redefined the perceptions of Western cultures, and seldom refers to the preconceived notions of love. Some important authors arising out of this era include: James Fenimore Cooper, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Harriet Jacobs, Emily Dickinson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Edgar Allen Poe, and Herman Melville. These brilliant scholars herald with American literaturesRead More Comparing the Use of Light and Dark by Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne3135 Words   |  13 PagesUse of Darkness and Light by Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne Melville, Poe, and Hawthorne all tend to focus on the darker side of humanity in their writings. In order to allow their readers to better understand their opinions, they often resort to using symbolism. Many times, those symbols take the form of darkness and light appearing throughout the story at appropriate times. A reader might wonder how light functions in the stories, and what it urges the reader to consider. If we look carefullyRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Raven And The Pit Essay1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe author Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most recognizable in American literature both by name and by work. He is famous for such pieces of literature as The Raven and The Pit and the Pendulum. He is most notable for his virtual invention of the detective/mystery genre as well as, in part, that of the horror genre. During the time of his life and activity in the world of American literature, the country was being swept by a new variety of thought known as R omanticism. The inevitable result ofRead MoreSimilar Gothic Elements in the Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne2436 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Work of Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe are considered masters of American gothic fiction. They used similar gothic elements in their writing and used it to build up a sense of impending doom. Even today numerous readers enjoy, study, and discuss the gothic elements both utilized in their work. Gothic writing is a style that is concerned with the dark side of society, an evil that lies within the self. Poe and Hawthorne contributed stories whichRead MoreThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 PagesRaleigh, Richard Hakluyt, Thomas Harriot, and John White had published accounts of discoveries. The writings of Captain John Smith, an explorer whose travels took him up and down the eastern seaboard of America, represent a shift from exploration narrative toward early history. Early histories, however, were written mostly by settlers rather than by explorers. William Bradford, the first governor of the Plymouth Colony, wrote his Of Plymouth Plantation from 1620 to 1647 . Another important historianRead MoreEarly American Literature Influenced by Religious Ideologies and Philosophies1769 Words   |  8 Pages1st person narrative and were against verbal ornamentation because they believed in simplicity above all else. They also believed that every human being is born sinful and that God’s grace was given freely to everyone. Olaudah Equiano was a puritan writer and in The Interesting Narrative of The Life of Olaudah Equiano portrays his love for God with, â€Å"Behold God is my salvation; I will trust and not be afraid†¦ Praise the Lord†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Equiano 1). Equiano writes in thoughts and this narrative of his lifeRead MoreA Brief Introduction to American Literature3396 Words   |  14 Pagesand writers. Those American writers, while conquering this wild America, also had conquered the great field of American literature. From its first imitative activities to innovative attempts nowadays, American literature gradually gains its unique style, theme and form, and I ¡Ã‚ ¯m always excited to see their works are more and more America in its true sense. American literature is part of world ¡Ã‚ ¯s literature, however, it always has its unique flavor that cannot be easily ignored. Most critics holdRead MoreInfluences And Life Of A Tortured Soul1994 Words   |  8 PagesInfluences and Life of a Tortured Soul â€Å"Although dissolute in his personal life, when Poe touched pen to paper, he became a disciplined craftsman.† (Carnes 300). Edgar Allan Poe cemented his place in American literature by publishing countless poems and short stories, including â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"Masque of the Red Death.† Poe effectively invented the detective fiction genre and perfected the horror story. His style, visionary as it was, was not with its influences. A life filled with tragedy, disappointmentRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesNative American oral literature / oral tradition - European explorers’ letters, diaries, reports, etc., such as Christopher Columbus’s letters about his voyage to the â€Å"New world†. - Anglo (New England) settlers’ books, sermons, journals, narratives, and poetry Native American / American Indian oral literature / oral tradition creation storiesï ¼Ë†Ã¨ µ ·Ã¦ º Ã§ ¥Å¾Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° trickster talesï ¼Ë†Ã¦  ¶Ã¤ ½Å"å‰ §Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¤ ¼  Ã¥ ¥â€¡Ã¯ ¼â€° rituals / ceremoniesï ¼Ë†Ã¥â€¦ ¸Ã¤ » ªÃ¯ ¼â€° songs / chantsï ¼Ë†Ã¦â€º ²Ã¨ ¯ Ã¯ ¼â€° Anglo Settlers’ Writings Highly religious and pragmatic - JohnRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagescan give information and suggestions that may prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, then, we are referring to the deliberately arranged sequence of interrelated events that constitute the basic narrative structure of a novel or a short story. Events of any kind, of course, inevitably involve people, and for this reason it is virtually impossible to discuss plot in isolation from character. Character and plot are, in fact, intimately and reciprocally

Literature Compare and Contrast - 1948 Words

Literature Compare and Contrast ENG 125: Introduction to Literature Instructor: December 19, 2011 Literature Compare and Contrast Stories and poems are both constructed differently and have their own meaning behind them. The authors have underlying messages that they are attempting to convey to the reader using their own characterization, style, setting and rhythm that is essentially used in for the purposes of the narrative. The wonderful thing about poems and stories is that they are created from ones imagination. Through their imagination we are able to use our won imaginations to not only read the storyline that is intended but feel it as well. It allows us to use the literary pieces to create a personal connection with the†¦show more content†¦Symbolism is a feature that poetry could not exist without as it is a main feature in the author portraying a story. Colors in a poem could symbolize something new and shiny or they could also symbolize something faded and worn. In the story â€Å"The Wizard of Oz† the â€Å"yellow† brick road is a path that the characters are facing. They color yellow carries much weight on the way the reader portrays they journey the character is about to take. Going down a road symbolizes choice. In Frosts story there are two roads which symbolize choices that may involve conflict or dilemma. In this poem the reader gets the impression that the character is facing two fates based on the path she takes. The two paths are further described when the author says â€Å"And both that morning equally lay in leaves no step had trodden black†. The color black symbolizes death which the reader could interpret that the character may be facing death. While there are choices in the paths that the character may take there is still the thought of the â€Å"unknown† destiny of each of these paths. Looking further into the symbolization of the writing the reader sees that the character is facing conflict with the choice of paths to take. The poem begins to give the impression that character has already made a choice, as mention is made of the character being on one path and opting to stay on that path for another day knowing how one mayShow MoreRelatedLiterature: Compare and Contrast - Literary Devices5483 Words   |  22 PagesLiterature: Compare and Contrast Literary Devices Kathy J. Shannon University of Phoenix Mickeal M. Donald, Instructor September 3, 2010 Compare and Contrast Literature offers a variety of literary works by authors of all ages, writing non-fiction and fictional stories, poetry, and essays. The act of analyzing two different authors by both comparing their work and isolating their contrasting elements, can be difficult, yet rewarding. 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In both cases, the narrators resist the initial urge to repress creativity and thought processes, but later become more in tune with their inner selves as they lose touch with the external reality, where societal expectations act as a heavy burden. Plath gradually utilizes her narrator toRead MoreWriting and Compare-and-contrast Essays1384 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Compare and Contrast This type of writing assignment is common. On a standardized test, you may be asked to analyze literature, evaluate ideas, or make a judgment and explain your reasons. In responding to these types of prompts, you often will compare and contrast characters, concepts, or choices. You will be asked to identify similarities and differences, which are the key to compare-and-contrast essays. There are ways to organize your thoughts about compare-and-contrast topics, which willRead MoreIliad - Self image1193 Words   |  5 Pagestaken home, revised once and computer generated: double spaced, 12 point, three pages minimum, four pages maximum. ( see page three of this document, AP Literature and Composition Draft Requirements) Choose ONE of the following questions Include a List of Works Cited 1. Tragic Hero: â€Å"Achilles is the first great tragic hero in world literature.† Discuss the conflicts of Achilles as developed by Homer and how the author finally resolves them. 2. The Wrath of Achilles: The entire epic is framedRead MoreTheme for English by Langston Hughes and In the Inner City by Lucille Clifton802 Words   |  3 PagesSample Compare and Contrast Essay). In this description of his journey down the hill can you not see the images? This poem is chopped with imagery. 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John Smith wrote about the wonderful place the New World was, on the other hand, William Bradford wrote about the realities and difficulties of the New World. In â€Å" A Description of New England †, Smith startsRead More Contrasting of Past with Present in Waste Land1104 Words   |  5 PagesContrast of Past with Present in The Waste Land      Ã‚   Eliot contrasts the past with the present in several ways throughout his poem, The Waste Land. The simplest of these is the simple juxtaposition of one or more descriptions of the present immediately before or after one or more descriptions of the past. The most obvious of these is section two, in which two descriptions of the present (lines 111-139 and 140-172) immediately follow a description of the past (lines 77-110). In this case, the

Critically Discuss the Role of Self-Control free essay sample

Self-control separates us from our ancient ancestors and the rest of the animal kingdom, thanks to our large prefrontal cortices. Rather than responding to immediate impulses, we can plan, we can evaluate alternative actions, and we can refrain from doing things well regret. We can also take advantage of these innately human abilities by developing wisdom and willpower. Neuroscientists often report that, although we have only one brain, we have two minds: one that works impulsively and seeks immediate gratification and another one that controls our impulses and delays gratification until we meet our future goals. When these two minds have competing goals, we face challenges related to the strength of our will. The writer and health psychologist at the University of Stanford, Kelly McGonigal, says strategies from her book entitled The WillPower Instinct: How Self-Control Works, Why It Matters, and What You Can Do to Get More of It and her themes include diet and weight loss, health, addictions, smoking cessation, temptations, procrastination, stress, exercise, self-remorse and shame. I will continue my essay by indicating some studies and their results. People behave differently when theyve ingested calories recently as opposed to when they havent. Less hungry organisms might be more patient, less punitive, and better able to concentrate on a task before them, for instance. This should seem intuitive to all of us who get really grouchy when we havent eaten in a while (as in the hungry people in commercials from the clever series of Snickers ads) and makes a lot of sense from the standpoint of thinking about how to design an organism that has many possible priorities. Hungry organisms should be expected to behave differently from full ones, generally shifting their attention and energy toward getting food, to the exclusion of other priorities. A new paper by Molden et al. o appear in Psychological Science, The Motivational versus Metabolic Effects of Carbohydrates on Self-Control, reports four experiments that put these ideas to the test. ‘In the first study, the authors wanted to address a shortcoming of prior work by using very accurate tools to measure glucose. Subjects fasted for four hours, had their blood glucose measured, performed a self-control task frequently used in this literature, and then had their blood glucose measured again. For the glucose model of self-control to be correct, the readings must be lower after the task than before. Not only did glucose not go down, but it went up (from 81. 7 mg/dL to 82. 39 mg/dL), though not statistically significantly. To connect this back to the key paper in this literature (cited 287 times, as of this writing), in that paper (Gailliot et al. , 2007), across four studies reported (for subjects who did not fast), glucose also went up about 1 mg/dL. So thats consistent with the prior results. It contrasts, however, with the report from that same paper of a drop of 5. 88 mg/dL, results from subjects who had fasted. This implies that there was indeed a problem with the measurement in that study, or there was some other problem with the data. In a second experiment, the authors drew on some studies from the exercise literature that there is in the paper in Evolutionary Psychology. In this work, it was found that merely rinsing with sugar solutions increases performance on physical activity (e. g. , bicycling), suggesting that increased performance on cognitive tasks might be due to the sensation of reward when one drinks a beverage with carbohydrates in it, rather than willpower fuel. ’ Molden et al used a similar procedure, having people complete a self-control task and then swish—but not swallow—solution with sugar or a non-sugar sweetener. Briefly, they found that swishing the glucose solution—but not the sweetener—yielded effects frequently seen in this literature, suggesting that that, just as in the exercise case, its the reward, not the glucose itself, thats affecting behavior. A third study replicated the second, the last study showed that swishing with the sugary solution doesnt give rise to more glucose in the blood. In sum, these data, as well as other sets of results, clearly show that exerting self-control does not, in fact, reduce glucose, a finding which is not surprising, given that it is consistent with what is known about brain metabolism. The results that apparently contradict this result, those reported by Gailliot et al (Study 1), might very well, it seems, be due to error in the measurement device, or some other factor. The findings that exerting self-control doesnt reduce blood glucose critically undermines the larger model, which turns on the idea that whatever the resource is, performing self-control task uses it up. If self-control tasks do not reduce blood glucose, then the reason for subsequent drops in self-control tasks cant possibly be due to a drop in glucose. The willpower is a useful definition to understand an abstract concept, but unlike the hysical strength, willpower is not something that anyone can practice. Or maybe is? It is commonly known that the practice of specific brain functions improves performance on projects that require the use of these functions. But unearthed some fascinating broader impact of cognitive training: recent research indicates that cognitive training can lead to improvemen ts in other aspects of life. A study that published in the journal Psychological Science, showed that daily brain training can help boost willpower and promotes healthy lifestyle choices in many ways. Researchers from the University of Amsterdam studied a group of alcoholics who had trouble controlling the automatic urge to consume alcohol. The researchers hypothesized that enhancing cognitive functions such as working memory, which is important for the maintenance and manipulation of information for prospective targets, could indirectly help alcoholics to control their impulses and drink less. To test this theory, the researchers divided the participants into two groups. The team completed 25 training sessions daily challenge of working memory involving exercises. Participants in the control group also completed daily exercises for working memory, but only performed the easiest level for each one. To test this theory, the researchers divided the participants into two groups. The team completed 25 training sessions daily challenge of working memory involving exercises. Participants in the control group also completed daily exercises for working memory, but only performed the easiest level for each one. The results showed that the training group improved their memory capacity and also consumed less alcohol than the control group. In addition, improvements were duration: one month later the group participants had even less education level of alcohol consumption compared with the control group. This research indicates that daily cognitive exercise can contribute to gains in lifestyle in addition to improving the functioning of the brain may contribute to the overall smarter decisions, which can sustain the body healthy. Both the mind and body derive from the same source of power. But what is the source? Matthew Gailliot, a researcher at the University of Amsterdam states that ‘the fuel of willpower is glucose. Somehow this is not surprising, since glucose is the dominant fuel material of our body. It is the same material used by skeletal muscles to exert their power and the same material that the brain uses for various projects. What is surprising is that willpower utilizes much of this material, even when the body is resting. According to Gailliot, ‘willpower is a costly mental energy, using many b rain areas and requiring high levels of glucose. ’ (Gailliot et al. 2007) The Gailliot and colleagues showed that self-monitoring simple actions require high levels of glucose. In one set of studies Gailliot, participants had to control their thoughts, feelings or behavior. Immediately after each self-energy, glucose levels in the blood of participants decreased. Glucose levels did not fall during similar projects in which the participants had no self control. Participants then were asked to repeat the actions of self. Those whose glucose levels had fallen more in the first exercise, had the worst performance in the second attempt. The participants were given a sugary drink between projects were more able to exert willpower during the second attempt. A recent publication in the journal NewScientist study conducted by psychologists at Florida State University, said that whenever a man enters the test to resist a temptation then exhaust and some of its stored power for temperance. For example, a man who follows a specific diet plan and frequently goes to the dilemma whether to succumb to the temptation to eat or not to eat a cake and break the diet, then every time a bit of exhaust stocks of temperance. The more often tucked into similar temptations, the more certain is that it will soon be rid of inhibitions. The researchers concluded that ‘every time we practice self-control we use some of the saved will power and it is required some time to complete the stocks again. ’ Perhaps this explains the fact that most people who follow for a first time a hypocaloric diet usually apply it more consistently, with each subsequent effort becomes increasingly difficult. In the same study, researchers found another conclusion. The people who had drunk one juice a few minutes before the imminent process of resistance exercise showed much greater ability continence than those who had not eaten anything or had consumed a beverage with sugar substitute. The glucose that is contained in the natural juice has been a key factor to increase the levels of abstinence before the sight of a tempting cake. Finally, the researchers concluded in another conclusion. The constant effort to reduce restraint stocks glucose to the brain so if there is constant replenishment of the body with glucose from natural sources such as fruits and natural juices then willpower is a matter of time run out with mathematical precision leading to a vicious cycle of bulimia episodes, guilt and stop dieting. For someone to train his willpower and self-control will have to exert just as we entered the process to develop the muscular system in a gym. Adopting clocked stable meals as described above is the first step in developing a sound nutritional awareness. Establishing a specific time to exercise, for example, every evening at 6 pm will create a new neural interface that would relieve the daily dilemma when to exercise or if you have the time to workout, leaving more room in willpower to be used for other potential dilemmas. If these goals are precise and not obscure or generally then increase the chances to be implemented. It is preferable to have in mind a positive outcome rather than bother with the fear of failure. The vision and focus on a positive outcome is the best strategy for achieving a goal. Imagine in a room hundreds of four year old children who enjoy delicious cookies and candy. Before they manage to enjoy the next cookie, the researcher offered two options: †¢ to immediately get one last cookie †¢ take two cookies, but if they wait 15 minutes. Can toddlers resist the sweet temptation and wait for 15 minutes, or are delivered to the immediate gratification of their appetites? This simple test of willpower and similar studies that followed in subsequent years, revealed the importance of self-discipline and self-control in children, and showed that these characteristics affect subsequent adulthood. Decades after the experiment with the sweet and having analyzed the data from the children, who participated, scientists have identified the underlying brain circuits responsible for willpower. Lets look at the details and conclusions of the experiment: Want a cookie? Nearly 40 years ago, more than 600 children participated in the experiment of sweets designed by psychologist Walter Mischel and his colleagues at Stanford University. ‘Sometimes researchers do not have enough time to finish their speech about the experiment and the children had already begun to eat candy or cookie,’ said neuroscientist BJ Casey from the Medical College Weill Cornell, which has taken part in several studies from this research. ‘But other four year managed to wait, playing or creating imaginary friends, so they were distracted. The researchers then noticed that many of the children who quickly succumbed to the temptation had lower school grades, higher body mass index and a slightly increased risk of substance abuse later. Casey called these children quickly gave in and did not succumb to the temptation as a ‘weakness’, while the other succumbed as ‘high r esistance’. ‘Of course, if you are in the group of weakness, you are not doomed to a life of poor quality. These results are the average of the whole group and not applicable for everyone,’ said Casey. ‘Personally, I think we need both types, high and low resistance. The high impedance is more methodical, while low resistance may be more prone but pay more attention to new or interesting things tempting. If you need investigators, the low resistances are the ones you want. ’ Individuals weakness could be said to be living in today, here and now, are creative, social, features live, become the focus of our attention. But for all that the price is the lack of preparation for tomorrow. Individuals high resistance geared for tomorrow, paving the way for future successes, saving economies and make healthy choices of activities. Naturally risking everything because there is a risk they expect to achieve in the future may not be ever! Mischel meet again the children of the experiment after 14 years, when they were teenagers and he spotted on their celebrities almost the same features. The ‘abstinent’ kids that had shown resistance to impulse, characterized them confidence, reliability and good performance in their courses, while ‘non-abstinent’ the professor found them to be stubborn and impulsive, with an average grade at test that the abstemious made†¦ In another study by Mischel and his colleagues found some tricks that could use small children to resist temptation. For example think of sweets like cookies or clouds as images. Probably next surveys will determine if educating people to pay attention to things that help them regulate their behavior, could help them defeat obesity or an addiction. In a recent study presented by Professor Philip Zimbardo, psychology at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, found that there is another important dimension to the ability or inability of the kid to ostpone immediate consumption of sweets. According to the American psychologist, the kids directly ate the sweets are captives of current needs, while those who postponed consumption is future-oriented and decisions taken for the long term. We all seem to have something inside us that guides our decisions, which is formed by a multitude of factors, such as family environment, our financial position, our level of education, the geographical area in which we grow and the culture to which we belong . According to Garavan, although it is difficult to define exactly what makes a man impulsive or cautious by looking his brain, age always brings changes and this gives researchers information. The front lobes are parts of the brain that matures last: they grow and change even during the decade of 20-30 years. This may explain the difficulty of adolescents to demonstrate self-control. But the elderly have the reputation that they have no inhibitions, especially as regards the expression of their views. Brain imaging studies have shown that with the passage of time more and larger areas required to maintain self-control, which means that as we age the system becomes less efficient and requires strengthening. The sex finally appears to play a role as men are more impulsive than women and even from an early age. Perhaps that explains the fact that boys exhibit more behavioral problems such as aggression or attention deficit and hyperactivity, compared with girls. Garavan ascribes this to the influence of sex hormones on the brain. Besides neurological, scientists have identified and physiological differences between compulsive and moderate people. Suzzane Segerstorm from the University of Kentucky found that people with greater ability to resist temptations showed a temporary increase in HRV (heart rate variability, an indicator of small variations in heart rate), which was followed by his fall. As there are people with higher HRV index, it is reasonable to assume that they pose for intrinsically greater capacity self. In terms of physiology, however, glucose levels in our blood seem to be crucial for maintaining the strength of our will. The granting of a sweet lemonade volunteers before exercise self-control, increased the chances of success than those who did not drink the lemonade or those where the lemonade instead of sugar was added artificial sweetener. This observation may explain why they fail grandiose plans: to stop smoking may require all reserves of self-control and not something left over for regular exercise and healthy eating. Given that all of the above shows that the strength of our self-control determined by biology, we can conclude that there is no reason to try to change what we have inherited. The researchers did not agree and explain that willpower is like our muscular system: open practice and improvement. Additionally it was found that if someone exercises self-control in one part of his life, the improvement will extend to several areas. What we have to do, researchers say, is a detailed written plan of objectives (found to the complete recording of the target dramatically increases the chances of implementation), to maintain high levels of glucose and attack!

Somalia Essays - Geography Of Somalia, ItalySomalia Relations

Somalia Somalia is a nation in eastern Africa. It is situated on the coast of the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden, along the projection land known as the Horn of Africa. The region was famed in ancient times for its frankincense and myrrh, fragrant substances derived from trees. Modern Somalia came into being in 1960, with the union of the former colonies of British and Italian Somaliland. THE PEOPLE. The Somalis are thought to be descended from African and Arab peoples. Almost all speak the Somali language and practice the Muslim religion. Somalis have ethnic ties with peoples in neighboring Djibouti and in the Eritrea and Ogaden regions of Ethiopia. In addition to Somali, the official language, Arabic and some Italian and English are also spoken.(Somalia. Helen Metz. 1992). The majority of Somalis are nomadic or seminomadic herders of livestock, who travel long distances seeking pasture and water for their animals. About 25 percent of the population are settled farmers, who cultivate the limited areas of fertile soil. Their struggle for existence in an often inhospitable land has made the Somalis a strong and proudly independent people. (Africa Today. Raph Uwechue. 1991). THE LAND The far northern part of Somalia consists of hills and low mountains, which reach a height of about 8,000 feet. To the south and west is aregion of low plateaus. The chief rivers are the Webi Shebeli and the Juba. The land between them is the country's chief farming region. The southwestern part of Somalia is largely savanna, or grassland. About 25 percent of Somalia's total land is considered to be desert. Only about 13 percent is suitable for farming. Most of the rest is used for graze livestock. The climate is generally hot and dry. Average temperatures range from 75 to 88 degrees farinheit. Rainfall is often scarce and drought is a common occurrence. (Africa South of the Sahara. James Bennett. 1996). THE ECONOMY. Somalia's economy is based on livestock raising. Agriculture is second in importance. The raising of cattle, camels, sheep, and goats is the main occupation in the north. Bananas are the most important commercial crop grown. Exports of live animals, meat, and meat products, hides and skins, and bananas are the principal source of Somalia's income. The major food crops are corn, sorghum, rice, and beans. Somalia also grows sugarcane and is one of the world's few producers of frankincense and myrrh, used in making incense and some perfumes. Industry is limited. The chief manufactured products include refined sugar, canned meat and fish, and other processed foods, leather, and textiles. (Somalia. Helen Metz. 1992). HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT. Somalia was known to the ancient Egyptians for its sweet incense. Arabs arrived from the mainland of Asia in the 10th century, settling mainly along the coast. Large-scale European colonization of the region gegan in the late 19th century. The British established themselves in the north, in what became British Somaliland. the Italians established themselves in the south, which became Italian Somaliland. Britain gained control of Italian Somaliland in 1941, during the World War II. The region later became a trust territory of the United Nations. British Somaliland won independence on June 26, 1960. On July 1, 1960, it joined with the former territory of Italian Somililand to create the independent nation of Somalia. (Somalia. Helen Metz. 1992).